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European Journal of Echocardiography Advance Access published online on May 7, 2008
European Journal of Echocardiography, doi:10.1093/ejechocard/jen156
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Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2008. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Non-invasive estimation of pressure gradients in regurgitant jets: an overdue consideration

Alessandro Giardini1 and Theresa A. Tacy2,*

1 Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Unit, University of Bologna, Italy
2 Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M342A, San Francisco, CA 94943-0214, USA

Received 1 November 2007; .

* Corresponding author. Tel: +39 03495877172. E-mail address: alessandro5574{at}iol.it


  Abstract

Aims: This investigation sought to discern the relative accuracy of Doppler predictions of pressure drops in regurgitant jets across a broad spectrum of conditions, using an in vitro pulsatile flow model.

Methods and results: We studied the accuracy of Doppler pressure gradients derived from regurgitant jet peak velocities using the simplified Bernoulli equation (SBE) using an in vitro flow model of atrio-ventricular valve regurgitation. We observed overall a good correlation (r = 0.89, P < 0.0001) with actual pressure gradient, when there is normal fluid viscosity and the jet is free of wall interaction. However, we observed various degrees of underestimation of pressure gradient by Doppler when regurgitant chamber size was reduced (P = 0.0003), when fluid viscosity was increased (P < 0.0001), or in the presence of wall interaction (P < 0.0001). Chamber compliance had no effect on the accuracy of pressure gradient prediction (P = 0.36). Significant underestimation error in pressure gradient prediction by Doppler of up to 43.2% was observed.

Conclusion: When jet impingement or wall interaction are present, or when viscosity is increased, caution should be used in applying the SBE to a regurgitant jet, as significant underestimation in pressure gradient prediction may occur.

Keywords: Doppler; Regurgitant jet; Pressure gradient


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