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European Journal of Echocardiography 2003 4(4):237-261; doi:10.1016/j.euje.2003.07.001
© 2003 by European Society of Cardiology
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Copyright © 2003, The European Society of Cardiology

American Society of Echocardiography: recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography {star}

A report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Nomenclature and Standards Committee and The Task Force on Valvular Regurgitation, developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Echocardiography Committee, The Cardiac Imaging Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, The American Heart Association, and the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Echocardiography, represented by:

W. A. Zoghbi, M. Enriquez-Sarano, E. Foster, P. A. Grayburn, C. D. Kraft, R. A. Levine, P. Nihoyannopoulos, C. M. Otto, M. A. Quinones, H. Rakowski, W. J. Stewart, A. Waggoner and N. J. Weissman

American Society of Echocardiography, 1500 Sunday Drive, Suite 102, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA

Received 17 June 2003; accepted after revision 24 July 2003.

{star} Reprinted from the Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, July 2003, Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 777–802.

These recommendations are endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Representative from the ACC Echocardiography Committee: Elyse Foster, MD; representative from the Cardiac Imaging Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, AHA: Miguel A. Quinones, MD; representative from the ESC Working Group on Echocardiography: Petros Nihoyannopoulos, MD. Back

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   Introduction
 
Valvular regurgitation has long been recognized as an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Although the physical examination can alert the clinician to the presence of significant regurgitation, diagnostic methods are often needed to assess the severity of valvular regurgitation and remodeling of the cardiac chambers in response to the volume overload state. Echocardiography with Doppler has recently emerged as the method of choice for the noninvasive detection and evaluation of the severity . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in valvular regurgitation: general considerations
 
Role of Two-dimensional echocardiography
Doppler methods for evaluation of valvular regurgitation
Color Doppler
Jet area
Vena contracta
Proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) or flow convergence
Pulsed Doppler Quantitative Flow Methods
Other Pulsed and Continuous Wave Doppler Methods
Doppler Methods in Acute vs Chronic Regurgitation
Grading the Severity of Valvular Regurgitation

   Mitral regurgitation
 
Role of Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
Doppler Methods
Color Flow Doppler
Regurgitant jet area
Vena contracta
Flow convergence or PISA
Continuous Wave Doppler
Pulsed Doppler
Pulmonary Vein Flow
Role of TEE in Assessing Mitral Regurgitation Severity
Integrative Approach to Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation Severity

   Aortic regurgitation
 
Role of Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
Doppler Methods
Color Flow Doppler
Regurgitant jet size
Vena contracta
Flow convergence or PISA
Pulsed Wave Doppler
Aortic diastolic flow reversal
Flow calculations
Continuous Wave Doppler
Signal density
Diastolic jet deceleration
Role of TEE
Integrative Approach to Assessment of AR

   Tricuspid regurgitation
 
Role of Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
Doppler Methods
Color Flow Doppler
Continuous Wave Doppler
Pulsed Doppler
Role of TEE
Integrative Approach to Assessment of Tricuspid Regurgitation Severity

   Pulmonary regurgitation
 
Role of Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
Doppler Methods
Color Flow Doppler
Continuous Wave Doppler
Pulsed Doppler
Role of TEE
Integrative Approach to Assessment of Pulmonary Regurgitation Severity

   Conclusions
 

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