Copyright © 2005, The European Society of Cardiology
Infective endocarditis complicating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
Department of Cardiology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
Received 11 July 2005; received in revised form 29 August 2005; accepted after revision 11 September 2005.
* Corresponding author. 6, rue Abou Alaa Zahr, Apartment 18, Quartier des Hopitaux, Casablanca, Morocco. Tel.: +212 64 99 04 08; fax: +212 22 86 33 20. taoufikl{at}caramail.com
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Abstract |
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Infective endocarditis is a rare complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It's estimated incidence is 1.4 per 1000 person/year in all patients and it increases to 3.8 per 1000 person/year in patients with left ventricular outflow obstruction. The most common site of vegetation is the ventricular aspect of anterior mitral valve leaflet. We report a case of a 43-year-old man who was admitted for mitral infective endocarditis resulting in severe mitral regurgitation complicating a hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The patient underwent mitral valve replacement. Post-operative outcome was good with relieve of symptom and resolution of left ventricular outflow obstruction. Literature data are reviewed.
Keywords: Endocarditis; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Echocardiography
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Case report |
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A 43-year-old man was admitted in our department with dyspnoea, fever and weakness lasting for two months. He had no history of hypertension or known heart disease, no family history of sudden death was reported and he had no symptoms before.
At presentation, the patient was pale with a temperature of 38.5°C, a tachycardia of 100beats/min. His blood pressure was 120/70mm Hg. The auscultation revealed a systolic murmur suggestive of mitral regurgitation. There was no sign of heart failure and all peripheral pulses were present. The dental state was bad with multiple teeth decay. A 12 lead electrocardiogram showed a sinusal tachycardia of 100/min, a left ventricular hypertrophy and abnormal lateral repolarisation. The chest X-ray showed a cardiothoracic ratio of 0.45. Laboratory investigation revealed a hypochromic microcytic anaemia (haemoglobin, 10g/dl), leukocytosis of 13.7x109/l, raised inflammatory markers and normal serum creatinine. A set of three blood cultures grew viridans streptococci sensitive to ampicillin. Transthoracic echocardiography disclosed an asymmetric septal hypertrophy (18mm), posterior wall thickness of 11mm, hyperkinetic left ventricle, dilated left atrium (two-dimensional area of 30cm2), systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve with obstruction of the outflow tract (maximal gradient at 64mm Hg). The mitral valve was thin with no signs of myxomatous degeneration. There was large mobile vegetation on the ventricular aspect of the anterior valve leaflet measuring 1.0/0.9cm (Fig. 1), a perforation of anterior mitral leaflet resulting in massive mitral regurgitation (Fig. 2). The diagnosis of infective endocarditis was made according to the DUKE university criteria.1 Since renal function was correct and the patient was young, antibiotic therapy regimen consisted of ampicillin plus gentamicin for two weeks and ampicillin alone for another two weeks according to the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).2 This allowed resolution of fever within two days, but two weeks later the patient experienced acute heart failure resistant to medical therapy. He underwent urgent mitral valve replacement with a mechanical prosthetic valve. Post-operative outcome was excellent since heart failure was resolved. Control echocardiography showed relieve of outflow tract obstruction (maximal gradient at 6mm Hg) and correct function of mitral prosthesis. The patient was placed on a lifelong vitamin K antagonist therapy. After five months of follow-up, he is free of symptom and echocardiographic parameters remain unchanged.
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Discussion |
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Infective endocarditis is a rare complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). During the last 20 years, only 33 cases have been reported in the English language literature.3,4 Spirito et al.3 followed 810 HCM patients between 1970 and 1997 and reported an incidence of endocarditis of 1.4 per 1000 person/year. The main risk factor was the presence of outflow tract obstruction (present in all patients who developed endocarditis) and left atrial dilation (>50mm). Patients with both conditions, as in the reported case; carry the highest risk of endocarditis with an incidence of 9.2 per 1000 person/year.
Pathogenesis of infective endocarditis in obstructive HCM can be explained by endocardium damage of the mitral or aortic valve,3–5 consequence of turbulence of blood flow during ejection and of the contact between the mitral anterior leaflet and the septum during systole as well as mitral regurgitation.3,4
Endocarditis develops mainly in the mitral valve.3,5,6 The vegetations are typically located at the ventricular aspect of the anterior mitral leaflet.3,4 The predominant microbial causal agents reported in the literature are staphylococci and streptococci.3,7
Antibiotic therapy is the mainstay of the treatment. Surgery should be considered promptly whenever there is traditional indication (haemodynamic, emboli, persistent fever, abscess). Surgical procedure may consist of valve replacement or repair, and some authors reported relieve of outflow tract obstruction after mitral valve replacement which may be explained by the removal of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve.8 Valve surgery combined with septal myectomy seems logical but requires great expertise and carries a higher operative mortality.4,9
The American Heart Association and the ESC recommended antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis in patients with HCM, especially when outflow tract obstruction is present at the basal conditions.2,10
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- Durack D.T., Lukes A.S., Bright D.K. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Am J Med (1994) 96:200–209.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Horstkotte D., Follath F., Gutschik E., Lengyel M., Oto A., Pavie A., et al. Guidelines on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis executive summary; the task force on infective endocarditis of the European society of cardiology. Eur Heart J (Feb 2004) 25(3):267–276.
[Free Full Text] - Spirito P., Rapezzi C., Bellone P., Betocchi S., Autore C., Conte M.R., et al. Infective endocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomypathy: prevalence, incidence, and indications for antibiotic prophylaxis. Circulation (1999) 99:2132–2137.
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[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Roberts W.C., Kishel J.C., McIntosh C.L., Cannon R.O. III, Maron B.J. Severe mitral or aortic valve regurgitation, or both, requiring valve replacement for infective endocarditis complicating hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol (1992) 19:365–371.[Abstract]
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- Heric B., Lytle B.W., Miller D.P., Rosenkranz E.R., Lever H.M., Cosgrove D.M. Surgical management of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: early and late results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg (1995) 110:195–206.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Dajani A.S., Taubert K.A., Wilson W., Bolger A.F., Bayer A., Ferrieri P., et al. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: recommendations by the American Heart Association. JAMA (1997) 277:1794–1801.
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