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European Journal of Echocardiography 2000 1(3):204-212; doi:10.1053/euje.2000.0044
© 2000 by European Society of Cardiology
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Copyright © 2000, The European Society of Cardiology

Measurement of Volumetric Mitral and Aortic Blood Flow Based on a New Freehand Three-dimensional Colour Flow Imaging Method. An in vivo Validation

B.O. Haugen1,*, S. Berg2, K.M. Brecke2, S.O. Samstad2, T. Skjærpe1, S.A. Slørdahl2 and H. Torp2

1Department of Cardiology and Lung Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7006, Trondheim, Norway
2Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489, Trondheim, Norway


  Abstract

Aims: To validate a new three-dimensional (3D) colour flow method used to calculate cardiac output (CO) in aortic and mitral blood flow.

Methods: The transducer was freely tilted transthoracically using a magnetic locating device recording its spatial position. Raw digital ultrasound data were recorded in healthy subjects during 10–20 heartbeats at a high frame rate ranging from 41 to 66 frames/s and analysed off-line with no loss in temporal resolution. Blood flow velocities aligned with the ultrasound beam were integrated across a moving spherical surface to calculate volumetric flow.

Results: The range of agreement between the 3D mitral and 3D aortic method was 0·04±1·32 l/min (mean±2 standard deviations). The range of agreement between 3D aortic flow and the two-dimensional (2D) pulsed wave Doppler method (2D PW) in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) was 0·7±1·7 l/min, while the range of agreement between 3D mitral flow and the 2D PW method was 0·88±1·64 l/min.

Conclusion: The 3D methods agreed well. The 3D volumetric flow overestimated the 2D PW method, as expected, and the range of agreement was wide. The common pitfalls in pulsed wave ultrasound methods to calculate CO were avoided, as the 3D method was angle-independent, no assumptions about the velocity profile were made, and a moving sample surface was applied. The acquisition of data was fast and easy and high temporal resolution was achieved.

Keywords: three-dimensional colour flow; volumetric; cardiac output; high frame rate; freehand; ultrasound

* Corresponding author: B. O. Haugen, Department of Cardiology and Lung Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7006 Trondheim, Norway.


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